Understanding Karst and Sinkholes in Wisconsin

Karst refers to a unique landscape shaped by the dissolution of soluble bedrock, such as limestone, gypsum, or dolomite, by slightly acidic water over time. This process leads to the formation of distinctive features like sinkholes, caves, disappearing streams, and springs. In Wisconsin, the karst landscape is primarily composed of dolostone, a type of limestone rich in the mineral dolomite. This bedrock is more resistant to dissolution compared to pure limestone, resulting in a less dramatic karst topography.

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What Is Karst?

How Do Sinkholes Form?

Sinkholes in Wisconsin typically develop when water seeps into the ground, dissolving the bedrock and creating underground voids. Over time, the surface material above these voids can collapse, forming a depression or hole on the surface. These sinkholes are often small, ranging from 18 inches to 2 feet wide, and are most noticeable during dry summer months when vegetation in the sinkhole remains green while surrounding areas turn brown.

Where Are Karst Features Found in Wisconsin?

Karst features are prevalent in 44 of Wisconsin’s 72 counties, particularly in areas underlain by carbonate bedrock. These regions are more susceptible to the formation of karst landscapes due to the presence of soluble bedrock. A map highlighting these areas is available on the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey's website.

Why Is Karst Important for Water Quality?

Karst regions are significant for groundwater resources but also pose challenges for water quality. The interconnected fractures in the bedrock allow water to move rapidly through the ground, making it difficult for contaminants to be filtered out. This means that pollutants from the surface can quickly reach groundwater supplies, potentially affecting drinking water quality.

What Can You Do?

Residents in karst areas should be proactive in protecting water quality:

Regularly test well water for contaminants, especially if there are noticeable changes in taste, color, or odor.

Maintain and upgrade well casings and septic systems to prevent contamination.

Be cautious about what is disposed of down drains and toilets, and be mindful of the chemicals and nutrients applied to lawns and fields.

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